7 ISIS 


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B6 

opy 1 


FIRE DEPARTMENT 


HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS, 


AND HOW TO WORK THEM 


For Civil Service Examinations for all Ranks and as a practical guide 


in the performance of every-day duty. 


SIMPLE RULES AND METHODS FOR FINDING 

Square Root—Friction Loss in Fire Hose, Water Mains, Standpipes 
and Fittings—Nozzle Discharge—Engine and Nozzle Pressure— 
Water Tower Discharge—Height of Streams—Pump Slip and Pump 
Displacement—Pump Capacity—Horse-power of a Fire Engine— 
Automatic Sprinkler Discharge—Fire Hydrant Discharge—Volume 
—Siamese Connections—Fire Underwriters’ and other Tables, etc. 

ANSWERS TO CIVIL SERVICE QUESTIONS ON 
HYDRAULICS AT FIRE EXAMINATIONS, 


Illustrated by 21 full-page plates. 


By CHARLES BLUM, B. S., C, E, 

Bureau of Engineering, Department of Water Supply, New York City; 
formerly of the United States Engineering Service, 


PRICE, TWO DOLLARS, 


Copyright, 1916 , by Civil Service Chronicle, Inc. 



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FEB -7 1916 



./ » 





PREFACE. 


The object of the author in presenting this work is to satisfy the 
growing demand among candidates in promotion examinations in the 
Fire Department, and also among officers to assist them in their work 
at fires, for simple methods, rules and formulae for solving hydraulic 
problems in a way to be understandable by those who have not had the 
advantage of theoretical training. It is the elementary principles of 
hydraulics that are desired by members of the Fire Department, and it is 
hoped that the present effort, the first of its kind that has yet been made, 
will satisfy. 

The author, through a varied experience in taking civil service exam¬ 
inations and as a civil service instructor, has found that many members 
of the Fire Department fail at civil service examinations because they do 
not make their answers clear, and particularly in hydraulic problems 
through failure to show processes and methods of working. They forget 
that, no matter how well they may know the subject in their own way, 
the Examiner is guided solely by the written answer submitted to him. 

Many Firemen know what factors to use, etc., but cannot explain why 
they use them. How many Firemen after using the factor .434 in solving 
a problem can answer the question, “Where do you get .434? What does 
it represent?” Some will say that it represents the weight of one cubic 
inch of water; others, that it represents the weight of one cubic foot of 
water; while it actually represents the weight of a column of water one 
inch square and one foot high. It is therefore neither a cubic inch, nor 
a cubic foot, and an answer which stated that it was a cubic inch or a 
cubic foot would not be rated as correct. 

It is therefore important to understand the theory as well as the 
practice. Some of these problems can be worked by many methods, and 
the primary effort here has been made to give the simplest methods, while 
sometimes also giving a variety of methods. 

Acknowledgment is made to the invaluable tables of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters, taken from their “Red Book,” “Fire Engine 
Tests and Fire Stream Tables.” 


CHARLES BLUM, B. S., C. E. 



A FEW POINTERS. 


(1) Study carefully the announcement of the examination. 

(2) Prepare mostly on your weak subjects. 

(3) Obtain all previous examination questions, rules, regulations, 
etc. 

(4) Read the questions over carefully. 

(5) Don’t answer Question No. 5 under Question No. 3. 

(6) Gauge your time; allow a proportionate amount of time to each 
question. 

(7) When a question is not clear, answer in all possible ways. 

(8) If a question is incomplete, complete it in your answer, and 
give your reasons for doing it. 

(9) Don’t wander from the subject at hand. 

(10) All figuring should be on the examination ruled sheets. 

(11) Show clearly the methods by which you arrive at your answers. 

(12) Lengthy discussions are not desired; answers should be direct 
and concise. 

(13) In calculating pressure, friction and resistance, wherever oc¬ 
curring, candidates must show clearly their processes or formulas used. 
A mere statement will not be considered an answer. 

(14) Whenever possible, illustrate your answer by a sketch. 


2 



HYDRAULICS 


Principles of the Flow of Water. 

1. Hydraulics are that branch of mechanics which treats of the laws 
governing the pressure and motion of water. 

2. “Head” This is depth of water from surface to a point in ques¬ 
tion, or may be the difference in level or elevation between two water 
surfaces at the beginning and end of a pipe line. 

3. “Pressure” is usually expressed in pounds. Pressure is due to 
the weight or head of water. The pressure in a unit of area, such as a 
square foot or square inch, is referred to as “Unit Pressure.” As water 
weighs 62 y 2 pounds per cubic foot, the pressure at any depth must be 
62 y 2 times the depth in feet, and on one square inch at the same depth, 
1-144 of this quantity, which equals .434. 

62.5 

-= .434 lbs. per square inch. 

144 

This pressure acts equally in all directions and is independent of the 
shape of the pipe or vessel. 

Rule:—To convert feet of head to pounds pressure, multiply by .434. 

To convert pounds pressure to feet of head, multiply by 2.304 or 
1/.434. 

4. “Velocity” is usually expressed in feet per second. This repre¬ 
sents the rate at which the water flows through the medium in question. 

It depends upon: 

1. The head. 

2. The force of gravity. 

3. The character of the medium through which the water flows. 

From the laws of falling bodies the fundamental law of velocity is 
found to be theoretically: 


v = V 2 g h 

v=velocity in feet per second. 
g=acceleration of gravity=32.16. 
h=head in feet. 

To adapt this simple rule to various conditions, a percentage or co¬ 
efficient (c) is applied to the theoretical velocity. 


3 




5. “Discharge” or “ Quantity” is usually expressed in cubic feet per 
second, or popularly in gallons per minute. It represents the amount 
of water flowing through any pipe. 

This is found by the rule: 

Q = cav 

Q=discharge in cubic feet per second. 

a=area of water section in channel. 

v=velocity of flow in feet per second. 

c=a percentage or “co-efficient,” to adapt the rule to various con¬ 
ditions. 

The head h, which is required to produce a given velocity v, is called 
“velocity head,” as is expressed by the formula 

h = v 2 2g 

obtained direct from previous No. 4. 

6. “ Friction” is usually in a percentage. The flow of water through 
any pipe is retarded by friction against the bottom or sides of same, and 
this reduces both the velocity and discharge. 

Friction is a very important factor in pipe lines, and is proportional 
to the length of the pipe or hose. It varies as the square of the velocity. 
It increases with the roughness of the pipe. It decreases as the diameter 
of the pipe or hose increases. It is independent of the pressure in the 
pipe. 

7. Atmospheric, or Air Pressure is measured by the readings of the 
barometer. The liquid usually employed is mercury, which weighs 0.49 
pounds per cubic inch at common temperatures. To obtain the value of 
atmospheric or air pressure, multiply the barometric reading in inches 
by 0.49. The average barometric reading near sea level is 30 inches. 
Thus: 


30 X 0.49 = 14.7 pounds per square inch, or one atmosphere. 

8. Absolute Pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure and the 
indicated gauge pressure. Thus, if the pressure gauge reads 20 pounds, 
the absolute pressure would be 20 + 14.7 = 34.7 pounds per square inch 
absolute. 


4 


SQUARE ROOT. 


Extract the square root of 26''52.25. 

Rule:—Divide the number into periods of two places, starting from 
the decimal point to the left and to the right. This will give you 26 as 
the first period, 52 as the second period, and 25 as the third period. 

Guess the nearest square root of 26. It is 5, or 5X5=25. Subtract 
25 from 26, giving a remainder of 1. Bring down the next period (52). 
Then for a trial divisor multiply whatever is in the answer by 20. In 
this case 20X5=100 as the trial divisor, which goes into 152 about 1 
time. Add 1 to the trial divisor, place in the answer, then multiply 
101 by 1, which equals 101. Subtract, bring down the next period and 
multiply what is in the answer by 20 to get trial divisor, same as before, 
and so on. 

Solution: 


51.5 


V 26'52.25 
25 


51.5 

51.5 


20X5=100 152 

1 


2575 

515 

2575 


101 101 


20X51=1020 5125 

5 


2652.25 


5125 


1025 


Proof51.5X51.5=2652.25. 


5 










FRICTION LOSS IN FIRE HOSE. 


No recognized formula for determining the friction loss in fire hose 
where pressure, length and diameter are known, has yet been found. If 
there were such a formula, some value would have to be assumed for the 
co-efficient of friction between water and hose. This value would neces¬ 
sarily vary with the different qualities of lining of hose; also with the 
velocity of the water, for the eddy currents therein increase greatly with 
the velocity. Consequently, a theoretical value for friction loss would 
be so far from the real value as to be worthless. 

Considerable pressure is lost by friction of water passing through 
long lengths of hose. Experiments by Freeman, which are used as a 
Standard, show in a case where 200 gallons per minute were passed 
through several kinds of hose, the varying losses in pressure were as 
follows: 

Unlined linen hose=27 pounds loss per 100-foot length. 

Rough rubber-lined hose=26 pounds loss per 100-foot length. 

Medium rubber-lined hose=12 pounds loss per 100-foot length. 

Very smooth rubber-lined hose=10 pounds loss per 100-foot length. 

Therefore, it can be seen at a glance that the difference between the 
worst and best hose is the difference between 27 pounds and 10 pounds, 
or a difference of 17 pounds. 

Other conditions being the same, the loss by friction varies directly 
in accordance with the length of hose involved, 400 feet causing double 
the loss of 200 feet; 300 feet causing three times the loss of 100 feet, and 
so on. The friction also varies in the same size hose very nearly in 
accordance with the square of the velocity of discharge. That is: with 
double the velocity of discharge the loss of pressure is increased four 
times. For example, if a nozzle which will deliver 200 gallons per min¬ 
ute be supplied through a very smooth rubber-lined linen hose, the loss 
of pressure is 10 pounds per 100-foot length, and the pressure at the 
engine would have to be this amount higher than the pressure at the 
branch. Now, lay an additional line of 2%-incli hose to the branch, and 
the velocity of flow will become just one-half, or 100 gallons per minute 
in each hose, and the loss by friction becomes one-quarter of what it was 
originally, or % of 10=2% pounds, approximately. 

Actual friction loss can only be obtained by actual test. 

(Note: —Many years ago an order was issued in the New York Fire 
Department authorizing a rule to allow 7 pounds friction loss to each 
length of hose. This was never intended to be more than a rule for rough 
and ready calculation, and the fact that this did not take into considera- 


6 


tion flow, size of hose or size of nozzle resulted in many members of the 
Department using the Fire Underwriters’ table as a substitute. The 
result of this was that at civil service examinations some candidates felt 
under obligation to use the so-called department Rule,” while others 
used the accurate Underwriters’ table. The 7-pound rule was never offi¬ 
cially revoked until December, 1915, when an order was issued giving 
the rules to be found below.— Editor.) 

The following rules are in accordance with Special Order No. 226, 
December 14,1915, of the New York Fire Department. The official stand¬ 
ards are printed in quotation marks, and are followed by problems by 
the author. 


“Taking 100-foot lengths as a unit 
“FRICTION LOSS IN 3i/ 2 -INCH HOSE.” 


“For a flow of 500 to 1,200 gallons per minute: For the first 500 gal¬ 
lons allow a loss of 9 y 2 pounds, and for each 10 gallons over 500, up to 
1,200, add 3-5 of a pound to the 9 y 2 pounds.” 


Question:—Wliat is the friction loss in 200 feet of Sy^-inch hose for 
a flow of 520 gallons per minute? 

Solution : 

For first 500 gallons, loss ===. 9.5 lbs. 

20 3 6 

For next 20 gallons, loss = — = 2 2X— — — =11/5= 1.2 lbs. 

10 5 5 - 


For 520 gallons, loss =. 10.7 lbs. 

200 

For 200-foot length loss =-= 2 2X10.7=21.4 lbs. (Ans.) 

100 


“FRICTION LOSS IN 3-INCH HOSE.” 

“For a flow of 200 to 400 gallons per minute: For the first 200 gal¬ 
lons allow a loss of 4 pounds, and for each 10 gallons over 200, up to 400, 
add y 2 of a pound to the 4 pounds. For a flow of 400 to 700 gallons per 
minute: For the first 400 gallons allow a loss of 14 pounds, and for each 
10 gallons over 400, up to 700, add 4-5 of a pound to the 14 pounds.” 


7 






Question:—(a) What is the friction loss in 150 feet of 8-tnch hose 
for a flow of J/00 gallons -per minute? ( b ) For a flow of 600 gallons per 

minute? 


)se 


Solution : 

(a) For first 200 gallons, loss = . 


4 lbs. 
10 lbs. 


200 1 

For next 200 gallons, loss =-= 20 20X = 

10 2 - 

For 400 gallons, loss .. 14 lbs. 

150 

For 150-foot length, loss = ——=1.5 1.5X14=21 lbs. (Ans.) 

100 


(b) For first 400 gallons, loss=. 14 lbs. 

200 4 80 

For next 200 gallons, loss =-=20 20 X— = — = 16 lbs. 

10 5 5 - 

For 600 gallons, loss =. 30 lbs. 

150 

For 150-foot length, loss =-=1.5 1.5X30=45 lbs. (Ans.) 


100 


“FRICTION LOSS IN 2i/ 2 -INCH HOSE.” 


“For a flow of 200 to 400 gallons per minute: For the first 200 gal¬ 
lons allow a loss of 10 pounds, and for each 10 gallons over 200, up to 
400, add 1 and 1-3 pounds to the 10 pounds.” 


Question:—Wliat is the friction loss in 250 feet of 2y2-inch 
a flow of 350 gallons per minute? 

Solution : 

For first 200 gallons, loss=. 

150 4 60 

For next 150 gallons, loss =-= 15 15 X— = — = 

10 3 3 

For 350 gallons, loss =. 

250 


hose for 


10 lbs. 
20 lbs. 
30 lbs. 


For 250-foot length, loss =-=2.5 2.5X30=75 lbs. (Ans.) 

100 


8 















ANOTHER SIMPLE METHOD FOR FINDING FRICTION LOSS IS 

AS FOLLOWS: 


Friction Loss in 2Y2-inch Hose (100 feet long). 


For 200 gals. 

300 gals. 

400 gals. 

500 

2 

3 

4 

5 

4 

9 

16 

25 

2 

2 

2 

2 

8 

18 

32 

50 

+ 2 

+ 3 

+ 4 

+ 5 

loss, 10 

loss, 21 

loss, 36 

loss, 55 


Friction Loss for 3-inch Hose (100 feet long). 


For 200 gals. 
2 


300 gals. 
3 


400 gals. 
4 


loss, 4 


loss, 9 


loss, 16 (approximately) 


500 

5 


600 

6 


700 

7 


25 
— 5 


36 
- 6 


49 
- 7 


loss, 20 loss, 30 loss, 42 (approximately) 

Note :—Friction Loss in first length is usually greater than in other 
lengths, due to play pipe being attached to first length. 


9 


FRICTION LOSS IN FIRE HOSE. 


Based on Tests of Best Quality Rubber Lined Fire Hose.* 


Flow, Gallons per 
Minute. 

Pressure Loss in Each 
100 Feet of Hose, 
Pounds per Sq. Inch. 

Flow, Gallons per 

Minute. 

Pressure Loss in 
Each ioo Feet of 
Hose, Pounds per 
Sq. Inch. 

2V 

Hose. 

3" 

Hose. 

3V 

Hose. 

2 Lines of 

2 j" 

Siamesed. 

3" 

Hose. 

3i" 

Hose. 

2 Lines of 

Siamesed. 

140 

5-2 

2.0 

0.9 

1.4 

525 

23.2 

10.5 

16.6 

160 

6.6 

2.6 

1 2 

1 9 

550 

25 2 

11.4 

18.1 

180 

8-3 

3-2 

1 • 5 

23 

575 

27-5 

12 4 

19.0 

200 

IO. I 

3-9 

1.8 

2 8 

600 

29.9 

13-4 

21.2 

220 

12.0 

4.2 

2.1 

3 3 

625 

32.0 

1.4-4 

23.0 

240 

14 .I 

5-4 

2.5 

39 

650 

34.5 

15 5 

24.8 

260 

16.4 

6-3 

2-9 

4-5 

675 

37.o 

16.6 

26 5 

280 

18.7 

7.2 

3-3 

5-2 

700 

39-5 

17.7 

28.3 

300 

21.2 

8.2 

3-7 

5-9 

725 

42 3 

18.9 

30.2 

320 

23 8 

9 3 

4.2 

6.6 

750 

45 9 

20 1 

32.2 

340 

26.9 

10.5 

4-7 

7-4 

775 

47.8 

21.4 

34-2 

360 

30.0 

11.5 

5-2 

8.3 

800 

5o.5 

22.7 

36.2 

380 

33 0 

12.8 

5.8 

9.2 

825 

53-5 

24.0 

38.4 

400 

36.2 

14.1 

6 3 

10.1 

850 

56.5 

25.4 

40.7 

425 

40.8 

15-7 

7 0 

11 .3 

875 

59-7 

26.8 

43 -1 

450 

45.2 

17.5 

7-9 

12.5 

900 

63.0 

28.2 

45-2 

475 

50.0 

19-3 

8-7 

138 

1,000 

76.5 

34-3 

55 -o 

500 

55.0 

21.2 

9-5 

15.2 

1,100 

9i.5 

41.0 

65.5 


*Rough rubber lining is liable to increase the losses given in the table as 
much as 50 per cent. 


(From "F* 6 Bngi „e Tesfcana ° f «“ 


10 






































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11 


















FRICTION LOSS IN STANDPIPES. 


Friction Loss in Standpipes may be taken as follows for each 100 feet 
of length: 


Friction Loss — Lbs. 


Gals, per Min. 

.4" Pipe 

6 " Pipe 

200 

1.22 

0.17 

300 

2.66 

0.37 

400 

4.73 

0.65 

500 

7.43 

0.96 

600 

10.60 

1.43 

700 

14.40 

1.91 

800 


2.51 

900 


3.17 

1000 


3.88 


From the above, it can be readily seen that friction loss in standpipe 
can be practically disregarded, because for a 6-inch pipe 500 feet long 
the loss of pressure is less than 1 pound. 


OTHER SOURCES OF FRICTION LOSS. 

1. Loss of head due to entrance. 

2. Loss of head due to bends and curves. 

3. Loss of head due to changes in diameter. 

4. Loss of head due to obstructions. 

5. Loss of head due to Siamese connections, outlet valves, check 
valves and fittings. 

The following loss for friction should be allowed: 

Siamese connections, 5 pounds pressure loss. 

Swing check valve, 10 pounds pressure loss. 

Outlet valve, 10 pounds pressure loss. 




12 




NOZZLE DISCHARGE. 


The number of gallons of water discharged through any size nozzle 
per minute may be obtained by the following rule: 

1 st, multiply the diameter of the nozzle by itself. 

2nd, multiply above product by 29.7 or 30. 

3rd, then multiply the above result by the square root of the nozzle 
pressure. 


The above rule may be expressed as fol¬ 
lows: 

Gals, per min.=29.7Xdia.Xdia.X VP 
or 29.7Xd 2 X VP 

P=Pressure shown on gauge “A.” 

d=Diameter of nozzle in fractions of 
an inch as shown at “B.” 

29.7 or 30 is a constant determined by 
experiment. 

Problem:—-Given a nozzle l 1 /^ inches 
in diameter, pressure as shown on gauge, 
say, pounds, what is the discharge in 
gallons per minute? 

Answer : 

From formula we have: 

Gals, per min.=29.7X 1-25X 1.25 V64 
or Gals, per min.=29.7X 1.25X1.25X8 

Square root of 64=8. 


Sketch Showing Method of 
Testing Nozzle Pressure . 



13 











Diameter 1.25 
“ 1.25 


625 

250 

125 


1.5625—dia. X dia. 
8=\/64 


12.5 

29.7=constant 


8 75 
112 5 
250 


371.25 gals, per min. 

For cubic feet, divide 371.25 by 7.5. 

For all practical purposes, 30 instead of 29.7 may be used as a con 
stant, as this figure would be correct within 1 or 2 per cent. 


14 








NOZZLE AND ENGINE PRESSURES 


(From 


FORMULA FOR OBTAINING APPROXIMATE NOZZLE 
OR ENGINE PRESSURES, LENGTH OF LINE 
AND SIZE OF NOZZLE BEING GIVEN. 


M i t> . , Engine Pressure 

Nozzle Pressure in pounds = — 5 -;— 77-7 - 

y 1.1 -f KL 

Engine Pressure in pounds = Nozzle Pressure ( 1.1 + K L). 

L = Number of 50 -foot lengths of hose. 

K = Constant, varying with size of nozzle and hose. See Table 
following. 


K FOR 


|S 

0 

0 £ 

i /3 

Single 

Line 

2%" Hose. 

Single 

Line 

3” Hose. 

Single 

Line 

334” Hose. 

Two 

214" Lines 
Siamesed. 

* 

Two 

3” Lines 
Siamesed. 

* 

3 Lines 
2J4” Hose. 

* 

I 

.105 

.038 


025 

.... 

.... 


.167 

.062 

.... 

•043" 

.... 



00 

.092 

•039 

066 

.023 

00 

N 

O 

i§ 

•341 

•137 

.059 

.096 

.034 

•043 

ij 

.505 

.192 

.084 

•135 

.051 

.061 

1 8 

.680 

.266 

•JI 3 

.184 

00 

VO 

O 

.O 84 

T 3 - 

1 4 

.907 

351 

.152 

.242 

.093 

.115 

2 

1.550 

.605 

.250 

418 

•157 

190 


* Allowance is made tor loss in aeiuge sei, mcsc vdiucs wm 
also give approximately correct figures for turret nozzles and water 
tower, except that in the latter, pressure equal to 0.434 times the 
height of tower must be subtracted from the engine pressure, before 
solving for nozzle pressure. 

“Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables.” published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


15 































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16 


















WATER TOWER DISCHARGE. 


Problem:—Find the nozzle pressure on a water tower 65 feet in height, 
using proper-sized nozzle where engine pressures are given■, as folloivs: 
Three second-size engines using 3-inch hose from each one to water tower. 
Lengths of hose and pressure on engines as shown in sketch. 

Answer :—In this problem candidates should be familiar with capac¬ 
ity of second-size engines, as one of two things must be assumed: either 
the discharge under the varying pressures, or else the discharge at the 
nozzle on the tower. 

Under the pressures given, assume each 
engine capable of pumping 250 gallons 
each; this is a reasonable figure for sec¬ 
ond-sized steamers. 

Take engine “B,” and the pressure at 
base of water tower would equal 200 
pounds, which is the engine pressure less 
33 pounds friction loss in hose, or 200— 

33=167 pounds pressure at base of tower. 

Friction loss in water tower, including 
standpipe and connections, equals about 
10 pounds. Also the pressure due to 65 
feet of height in the tower=65 X .434= 

28.2 pounds. The net pressure at the 
tower nozzle is therefore 167—(10+28.2) 

=128.8 pounds. This is nozzle pressure 
which will discharge 700 gallons per 
minute. 

Neglecting the friction in the nozzle, 

1 %-inch smooth nozzle, or 1%-inch ring 
nozzlfe, will take care of this discharge. 

Note: —Engine “B” is taken as an average between engines “A” and 
“C,” and for examination purposes it illustrates an approximate method 
of finding the answer without going into a two or three-page calculation. 



17 












HEIGHT OF STREAMS. 

The height to which a stream of water can be thrown depends on the , 
resistance of the air to the passage of the water, and the larger the diam¬ 
eter of the column of water is, the less is the area exposed to the air in 
proportion to the volume of water; therefore, the larger streams can be 
thrown to greater heights than smaller ones. 

If there were no resistance of the air and no friction at the nozzle 
and in the connecting pipes, a stream of water would rise exactly to the 
height of the surface of the water in a tank supplying the stream, or 
it would seek its own level. 

Now, a column of water 2 1/8 feet high will exert a pressure of one ' 
pound per square inch at the base of the column, so that to get the theo¬ 
retical height of a column of water equivalent to 60 pounds pressure, we 
multiply 2 1/3X60=140 feet, the height of a column of water giving 
60 pounds pressure per square inch, and also producing a stream which 
should, in the absence of retarding forces, reach a height of 140 feet. 

Even with no wind blowing it has been found by experiment that 
the height to which a stream can be thrown falls far short of that cal¬ 
culated as above, at least where the pressures are considerable compared 
with the size of the nozzle, and on gradually increasing the pressure a 
maximum height for each sized nozzle is reached, beyond which further 
pressure reduces the height. 

The accompanying curve diagram showing effective reach of fire 
streams, and rules for finding vertical and horizontal reach of fire streams, 
will greatly aid the candidate in solving problems which heretofore may 
have seemed very difficult. 


18 




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(The above curves are from tests by Mr. J. R. Freeman, M. E.) 


19 















































(From 


EFFECTIVE REACH OF FIRE STREAMS. 

Showing the Distance in Feet from the- Nozzle at 

WHICH STREAMS WILL DO EFFECTIVE WORK WITH A 

Moderate Wind Blowing. With a Strong Wind 
the Reach is Greatly Reduced. 


V 

Size of Nozzle. 

N 

o 

i -Inch. 

J 8- 

Inch 

IF 

Inch. 

ig- 

Inch. 

I i* 

Inch. 

A 











3 

ft) 

u 

3 

w 

</) 

a. 

1 

Vertical Dis¬ 
tance, Feet. 

Horizontal Dis¬ 
tance, Feet. 

Vertical Dis¬ 
tance, Feet. 

Horizontal Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

Verrcal Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

Horizontal Dis- 

tance, teet. 

Vertical Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

Horizontal Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

Vertical Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

Horizontal Dis¬ 

tance, Feet. 

20 

35 

37 

36 

38 

36 

39 

36 

40 

37 

42 

25 

43 

42 

44 

44 

45 

46 

45 

47 

46 

49 

30 

5 i 

47 

52 

50 

52 

52 

53 

54 

54 

56 

35 

58 

5 i 

59 

54 

59 

v-n 

OO 

60 

59 

62 

62 

40 

64 

55 

65 

59 

65 

62 

66 

64 

69 

66 

45 

69 

00 

70 

63 

70 

66 

72 

68 

f 

74 

7 i 

50 

73 

61 

75 

66 

75 

69 

77 

72 

79 

75 

55 

76 

64 

79 

69 

80 

72 

81 

75 

83 

78 

60 

79 

67 

83 

72 

84 

75 

OO 

Ul 

77 

87 

80 

65 

82 

70 

86 

75 

87 

78 

88 

79 

90 

82 

;o 

10 

CO 

72 

88 

77 

90 

80 

9 i 

82 

92 

84 

75 

87 

74 

90 

79 

92 

82 

93 

84 

94 

86 

80 

89 

76 

92 

81 

94 

84 

95 

86 

96 

88 

85 

91 

78 

94 

83 

96 

87 

1 

97 

88 

98 

90 

00 

92 

80 

96 

l 

- 1 

iri 

OO 

98 

89 

99 

90 

100 

9 i 


Note.— Nozzle pressures are as indicated by Pitot tube. The horizontal and 
Am. ,C bic d C ta E e Vo r i e XXI d ^ experlments b Y Mr. John R. Freeman, Transactions, 


•'Fire Engine Te^and ot the Natio: 


20 








































































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23 











RATED CAPACITIES OF STEAM FIRE ENGINE. 


The rated capacities of steam fire engines which are perhaps one-third 
greater than their ordinary rate of work under the heavier pressures are 
as follows: 


3rd size: 

550 gals, per min., or 792,000 gals, per 24 hours. 

2nd size: 

700 gals, per min., or 1,008,000 gals, per 24 hours. 

1st size: 

900 gals, per min., or 1,296,000 gals, per 24 hours. 

Extra 1st size: 

1,100 gals, per min., or 1,584,000 gals, per 24 hours. 


Double extra 1st size: 1,200 gals, per min., or 1,728,000 gals, per 24 hours. 


24 


Quhomabc dpr/nJder Discharge 


5 o~ 












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(Acknowledgment is made to Mr. Fitzhugh Taylor for the above table.) 


25 






























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(Prom “Notes on Hydraulics,” by the Insurance Press.) 


26 













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28 







CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION PROBLEMS. 

Problem: With 200 feet of 3-inch hose to standpipe and 50 feet of 
2y 2 -inch hose on the sixth floor, what should be the water pressure at the 
engine if the discharge pressure at the iy 8 -inch nozzle is 30 poundsf 

Ans. :—A iy 8 -inck nozzle with 30 pounds at the nozzle would dis¬ 
charge: Gals, per min.=29.7Xl%Xl 1 /8X \/30=205, or approximately 
205 gallons per minute, and with the following friction loss: 


200 

2 

On 200-ft. 3-in. hose, 200 gals. flow==— X%= . 8 lbs. 

4 

On standpipe to 6th flooi—6X 12=72X.434=. 31 lbs. 

2X2X2+2 10 

On 50-ft, 2y>-in. hose, 200 gals, flow=- =—=.. .. 5 lbs. 

2 2 

Outlet valve. 10 lbs. 

On Siamese connection, etc . 5 lbs. 

Swing check valve. 10 lbs. 

On nozzle pressure. 30 lbs. 


99 lbs. 

Water pressure at engine should be approximately 99 pounds. This 
is allowing 12 feet per story. 

Problem: — (a) What effect has the length of the line of hose upon 
the pressure at the nozzle? 

( b ) Show by arithmetic how much more water is necessary to supply 
a iy 2 -inch nozzle than a 1-inch nozzle at the same pressure. 

Ans.: —(a) It is very important to have the proper-sized nozzle on 
the line to secure an effective stream. If the nozzle is too small, the water 
will choke at the tip, causing it to spray. If the nozzle is too large, the 
stream will not be effective. Therefore, to obtain the best results, change 
the nozzle to suit the various pressures. 

As friction loss is proportional to the length of hose, the length 
of the hose makes a great difference in the quantity of water delivered 
in a given time, for when the hose is very long considerable pressuie is 
lost through the friction of the water passing through the hose. The 
speed at which the engine works depends very much on the length of 
the suction hose, the length of the delivery hose and the size of the 
nozzle. These determine the amount of water that can be delivered by 
the pump or discharged from it. 


29 










(b) This varies as the square of the diameter, or 


1.5-inch nozzle 

1.5 

1-inch nozzle 
1 

75 

15 

1 

2.25 

1 . 


1.25 times more water. (Ans.) 



30 






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31 
























Problem:—(a) What would be the pressure loss in 10 lengths of 
3-inch hose ivhen flow is 300 gallons per minute? 

( b ) With 50 pounds pressure at a iy 8 -inch nozzle, what would be 
the horizontal and the vertical reach of the stream? 


Ans. :—(a) Pressure loss is as follows: 

300 gallons flow 
3 


9 loss for 100 feet of hose 
5 


45 loss for 500 feet of hose. 


(b) 


Vertical Stream. 


Horizontal Stream. 


For 1 y 8 nozzle=VHOXpressure For iy 8 nozzle = V86Xpressure 


Pressure given as 50 lbs. 

Pressure given as 50 lbs. 

110 5500(74 feet 

86 

4300(65 feet 

50 49 

50 

36 

5500 144) 600 

4300 

125) 700 


576 

625 

24 

75 


Problem:—In answering the following, show the methods used in 
arriving at the answer given: 

There is a large fire in a building 100 feet high from the curb to the 
cornice. The sidewalk is 10 feet unde and the street from curb to curb 
is 30 feet unde. A pipeholder is placed against the curb on the opposite 
side from the fire. You are required to deliver an effective stream of 
water to the top floor. You are using 300 feet of 3-inch hose with a iy 2 - 
inch nozzle. What is the approximate distance from the nozzle at the 
curb to the top story windows, allowing 10 feet to a story; what pres¬ 
sure would you require on the nozzle; how many gallons of water would 
the nozzle discharge per minute, and what ivould be the required pressure 
on the engine or hydrant to maintain this discharge? 

Ans. The approximate distance from the nozzle at the curb to the 
top story windows, allowing 10 feet to a story, is obtained by adding the 
curb and street widths, which are 10+30, or 40 feet, and multiplying this 
by itself, which gives 1,600. Then deduct at least 5 feet from the building 
height, as the stream is supposed to enter the window, and the nozzle is 
also several feet off the sidewalk. This gives 100—5 which equals 95 feet. 

32 










Multiply this by itself, giving 9,025. Add the 1,600 to it, which makes 
10,625. Get the square root of 10,625, which equals about 103 feet. 

40X40=1,600 Vl'06'25(103=square root 

95X95=9,025 1 


10,625 203) 0625 

609 


16 

As nozzle pressure, engine pressure and gallons per minute are 
wanted, assume one to find the others. 

Assume 93 pounds nozzle pressure. Then : 

Gals, per minute=l%Xl%X VPX29.7 


V 93 (9.64=square root of 93 lbs. nozzle pressure 
81 


186)1200 

1116 


1924)8400 

7696 


1.5 

1.5=dia. of nozzle 


75 

15 


2.25=dia.Xdia. 
9.64=square root of 93 


900 

1350 

2025 


21.6900 

29.7 =constant 


15183 

19521 

4338 


644.193 =644 gallons per minute. 

33 















Now, engine pressure=nozzle pressureX (1.1+KX^)- 
Nozzle pressure=93 pounds. 

K=.192 for iy 2 -inch nozzle 3-inch hose (see Underwriters’ Table). 
L=6==number of lengths of 3-inch hose. 
l.l=constant given in formula. 

Hence: 


.192=K 

6=L 


1.152 

+1.1 =constant 


2.252 

93=nozzle pressure 


6756 

20268 


209.436 lbs. engine pressure. (Say 209 lbs.) 

Problem:—You respond to an alarm of fire and you find the fire is 
located on the sixth floor of a 20-story building. You go to work from 
the standpipe stretching, two lines. You use one length of hose in each 
line and iy 8 -inch nozzle. You work J/5 minutes. How many gallons of 
water did you use f 

There is a tank on the roof containing 20,000 gallons of water, to 
which the standpipe ( 6-inch ) is connected. You may assume that the 
stories are 12 feet high. In answering this problem please give the work, 
and if any standard rules or measurements are given, please explain 
them. 

Ans. :—The building is 240 feet high. The height from the street to 
the sixth floor is 60 feet. The height from the sixth floor to the roof is 
180 feet. 

Multiply 180 feet 
by .434 


720 

540 

720 


78.120=amount of lbs. pressure 

14 lbs. deducted for friction on 2 lengths of hose 


64.120 lbs. nozzle pressure. 


34 









To find the number of gallons used, multiply the square of the nozzle 
by the square root of the pressure, and then multiply the result by 29.7. 
The square of the li/ 8 -inch nozzle is 1.2G5. 


1.265 


8 square root of N. P. 


10.120 

20.7 


70S10 

910S0 

20240 


300.5640 gallons in one minute 
45 minutes 


15028200 

12022560 


13525.3800 number of gals, used in 45 minutes. (Ans.) 

Problem:—There is a fire in a building which is 314 feet high and 
has a 15,000-gallon water tank on the roof. What pressure would be 
obtained on the sixth floor from the standpipe with tivo lengths of 2%- 
inch hose and iy$4nch nozzle, allowing 12y 2 feet to each floor? 

Ans. :—The building being 314 feet in height, with a tank on the roof 
containing 15,000 gallons of water, and as the tank is supposed to be 
about 20 feet above the highest outlet, figuring 12% feet per story, it 
would be approximately 262% feet from the tank to the sixth floor outlet. 
You would receive approximately 114 pounds pressure, but must deduct 
28 pounds for friction loss for a flow of 347 gallons of water, which gives 
you 86 pounds pressure at the nozzle. 

Prom sixth floor to tank on roof is 21 stories. 


21 

12.5 


144) 62.500 (.434 
576 


105 

42 


490 

432 


21 


262.5 feet 


580 

576 


35 











.434 is the weight of one square inch of water one foot high, and a 
cubic foot of water weighs 62% pounds. 

.434 

262.5 


2170 

868 

2604 

868 


113.9250 lbs. gravity pressure on sixth floor outlet 
28.0000 


85.9250 say 86 pounds nozzle pressure. 

From previous rules, friction loss on two lengths of 2%-inch hose 
would be about 28 pounds, and with a nozzle pressure of 86 pounds would 
be discharging approximately 347 gallons of water per minute. 

Problem:—There is a fire on the 12th floor of a building, and it is to 
be extinguished by an engine at a hydrant 250 feet away, from which 300 
feet of 3-inch hose is stretched to the standpipe, and from the standpipe 
outlet on the 12th floor there is stretched 100 feet of 2y 2 -inch hose, on 
which is a ly^-inch controlling nozzle, having a pressure of 81 pounds 
at the nozzle. What would be the pressure required at the engine? 

Ans. :—Answering this question according to the official formula as 
per paragraph No. 1, Special Order No. 226, of December 14, 1915: 

As the flow or discharge controls the friction loss, the flow must be 
ascertained as follows: 

1.25X1*25=1.56+, diameter of nozzle by itself. 

1.56X30=46.8 (then by constant 30). 

Then multiply the above product by the square root of the pressure, 
which is 46.8X9=421+, number of gallons being discharged. 

Friction loss in 100 feet of 2%-inch hose, as follows: For the first 
200 gallons there is a loss of 10 pounds, and for each 10 gallons over 200 
(or 421—200=221, or 22X10). There shall be added 1 1/3 pounds to 
the 10; hence 22X1 1/3=29 1/3 pounds, plus the 10 for the first 200 
gallons equals 39 1/3 pounds friction loss. 


Friction loss in standpipe as per N. Y. Fire College: For entry into 
Siamese connection 5 pounds; for passing through the check valve 10 
pounds, and for passing through the outlet valve 10 pounds, making a 
total of 25 pounds. 


36 





For elevation or head pressure as per N. Y. Fire College: Stories in 
New York are reckoned at 12i/ 2 feet, so 12 stories would be 12X12.5, or 
150 feet. For each foot in elevation there is a head pressure or weight 
of .434 pounds; hence for 150 feet there would be 150X.434=65 pounds 

plus. 

Friction loss in the 300 feet of 3-inch hose, as follows: For the first 
400 gallons there is a loss of 14 pounds, and for each 10 gallons over 400 
(or 421—400=21, or 2X10). There shall be added 4/5ths of a pound 
to the 14; hence 2X4:/5=1 3/5 pounds, plus 14 for the first 400 gallons, 
equals 15 3/5 pounds for each 100 feet, and for 300 feet there is 3X15 3/5, 
equals 47 pounds (minus). 

Therefore the pressure necessary at the engine would be the sum o| 
the nozzle pressure, plus the loss in the 100 feet of 2%-inch hose, plus 
the friction loss in the standpipe, plus the weight of head pressure for 
the elevation, plus the friction loss in the 300 feet of 3-inch hose, as 
follows: 

81+39 1/3+25+65+47=257 1/3 pounds, the pressure which would 
be necessary at the engine. 


37 


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39 

















SKETCH SHOW/H& EK/CT/OWLOSS 
FFOM EH6//VE TO /VOZZLE 


40 



























Problem:—It is desired to use across a 60-foot street a iy 2 -inch stream 
and a 1%-inch stream from a building having a 6-inch standpipe located 
so that it will require 100-foot hose lines to reach each window. 

One stream is to be located on the 8th floor and the other stream is to 
be located on the 10th floor. The streams are to be supplied from steam 
fire engines. Assume that any of the hydrants you might use are 150 feet 
from the standpipe and each with a supply pipe of 700 gallons per min¬ 
ute at 12 pounds. 

(a) What equipment would you require? 

( b) On which floor would you locate the iy 2 -inch nozzle, the 1%-inch 
nozzle? 

(c) What pressure would you carry at each nozzle, and how much 
water would each nozzle discharge? 

(d) Determine the pressure required at the engine. 

Ans. :— (a) Equipment: 

6 lengths 3-inch hose in each line from engine to outside Siamese 
connection. 

1%-inch and 1%-inch smooth bore open nozzles. 

4 lengths of 3-inch hose, 2 lengths on the 10th floor, and 2 lengths on 
the 8th floor. 

2 Perfection pipeholders, one taken to 8th and one to the 10th floor. 

2 increasers, size 2% by 3 inches, taken to 8th and 10th floors and 
connected to standpipe outlets. 

Hose spanners for the purpose of making all connections perfectly 
tight. 

(b) Location of nozzles: 

The 1%-inch nozzle to be placed on 10th floor, and the 1%-inch nozzle 
on the 8th floor. 

(c) Pressure at each nozzle: 

1%-inch nozzle=75 pounds nozzle pressure. 

1%-inch nozzle=67 pounds nozzle pressure. 

Gallons of water discharged per minute through each nozzle: 

1%-inch nozzle=1.5 X 1.5=2.25 square of nozzle X 29.7 constants 
66.825 Xsquare root of 75 pounds nozzle pressure=578 gallons. 

1%-inch nozzle=1.75X 1-75=3.0625 square of nozzleX29.7 constant 
=90.8564 square root of 67 pounds nozzle pressure=743 gallons. 

41 


(d) .192=factor for single line 3-inch hose using 1%-inch open 
nozzle. 

2=number of lengths of 3-inch hose from standpipe outlet on 10th 
lloor. 


.192 
. 2 


.384 

1.1 


1.484 

75 lbs. nozzle pressure on 1%-inch nozzle 


7420 

10388 


111.300 

or 111 pounds pressure at standpipe outlet on 10th floor. 

The distance from the 10th floor standpipe outlet to the 8th floor 
standpipe is 24 feet (allowing 12 feet to a floor). 

2.304)24.000(10.4 lbs. gained by water falling 24 feet + 111 pounds 
2304 pressure at 10th floor outlet = 121.4 pounds pressure 

- at standpipe outlet on 8th floor. 

9600 

9216 


.351=factor for single line 3-inch hose using 1%-inch open nozzle. 

2—lengths of 3-inch hose from standpipe outlet on 8tli floor. 

.351 

2 


.702 

1.1 


1.802 divided into 121.4 pounds pressure at outlet on 8th floor=67 
pounds nozzle pressure. 

Total friction loss: 

Pressure in pounds per square inch at 10th floor outlet=lll pounds. 
Allowing 12 feet to a floor, from street to standpipe outlet on 10th floor= 
114 feetX-134 pounds=49.4 pounds. 


42 










Loss in inlet, swing check, outlet, bends and 114 feet 6-inch standpipe 
discharging 1,321 gallons, ete.=approximately 25 pounds. 150 feet 3-inch 
hose from engine to standpipe, each line discharging 660 gallons=54.7 
pounds; or 240 pounds pressure per square inch on each engine, 240.1 
pounds. 

Note :—The largest size engine in the Department is an extra, extra 
first size, capable of delivering 1,100 gallons of water per minute at 120 
pounds pump pressure and 50 per cent, of the rated capacity at 200 
pounds pressure; so each engine will deliver 550 gallons per minute at 
240 pounds pressure if in first-class condition, making a total of 1,100 
gallons of water discharged per minute, using two extra, extra first size 
engines; but we are required to obtain 1,321 gallons of water per min¬ 
ute. Thus it can readily be seen there is no engine in the Department 
capable of delivering more than 550 gallons of water per minute at 200 
pounds net pressure. 

Good practice requires the use of a nozzle which should never be 
larger than one-half the diameter of the hose; a 1%-inch nozzle is too 
large to be used on a 3-inch line. A smaller size nozzle should be used, 
preferably a 1%-inch and 1%-inch to throw a stream across a 60-foot 
street. 


43 





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47 


































































Question:—What do you understand by the term “Distribution Sys¬ 
tem” f 

Ans. :—A distribution system includes all mains and lateral pipes, 
the standpipes and distributing reservoirs, gate valves, meters, services 
and various connections. The system is so arranged that gate valves 
control the flow in the various pipe lines, generally at the intersection 
of streets. This valve control permits water to flow from different lines 
in case of a shut-off in one street; or, in case of a fire, gate valves can be 
opened on other lines to permit water to flow from a high service line 
to a low service line, thereby increasing the flow. 

Ques.:—What is the capacity of a single high pressure hydrant? WJmt 
are the diameters of the several valves on the hydrant? What is the 
pilot valve, and its use? 

Ans. :—The capacity of a high pressure hydrant depends upon the 
amount of pressure on the water main. The capacity when the pressure 
at the main is at its highest amounts to about 4,000 gallons per minute. 
The diameters of the various valves of a high pressure are: Main valve, 
6 11-16 inches; pilot valve, 2 5-16 inches; drain valve, % inch; inde¬ 
pendent valves, 3 inches. In the high pressure hydrants in the section 
of the zone first installed, the independent valves are 3 inches and 4 y 2 
inches. The pilot valve is a small valve placed in the center of the main 
valve. It is used as a by-pass. The diameter of the main valve is 6 11-16 
inches. The surface area of the valve is 31 square inches. The action 
of the valve is in a downward direction when opening, and the movement 
is against the course or pressure of water entering the standpipe. Under 
these circumstances it would be very difficult to make opening against 
a high pressure. Therefore, the object of the pilot valve is to meet these 
conditions so that an opening can be effected in any high pressure. The 
pilot, which is inside of the main valve, equalizes the pressure above 
and below the main valve, this operation making it easy to cope with 
any pressure. The pilot valve, located in the center of the main valve, 
has a diameter of 2 5-16 inches and a surface area of about 4 square 
inches. The pilot valve in the main valve is so arranged that the first 
turn of the stem operates the small valve inside only, and therefore allows 
the water to pass between the pilot valve and the main valve into the 
standpipe of the hydrant, 

Ques.: — (a) Give the various sizes of the high pressure water mains, 
(b) Size connecting to hydrants, and size of main valve in hydrants, also 
the number and size of outlets on hydrants, (c) What means are pro¬ 
vided so as to allow the main valve to be opened with ease against a pres¬ 
sure of 200 pounds? (d) Are the hydrants referred to apt to freeze in 
cold weather? Why? (e) How many turns are required to open the 
main hydrant valve and the various independent valves? In what direc¬ 
tion does the valve stem turn to open? 


48 


Ans.:— (a) In New York there are the following sizes: 24, 20 16 
12 and 8-inch hydrant connections. In Brooklyn, 20, 16, 12 and 8-inch 
hydrant connections. 

[ CO There is an 8-inch connection to the hydrant. The size of main 
valves in hydrants is 6 inches. In the old system there were one 4y 2 - 
inch and three 3-inch outlets. The new system has four 3-inch outlets. 

(c) There is a pilot valve in conjunction with the main valve which 
opens first, allowing the water to enter barrel of the hydrant, thereby 
equalizing the pressure. 

(d) The hydrants are not apt to freeze in winter, because there is a 
drain valve attached to the hydrant Tvhich, upon closing the hydrant, 
opens into a drain above the valve, thereby taking all water out of the 
barrel. When hydrant opens, the valve closes. 

(e) About 21 or 22 turns are required to open .the main valve. In 
order to open the 4%-inch independent valve, about 20 or 21 turns are 
required, arid then each of the 3-inch valves, about 16 turns are necessary. 
The valve stem turns to the right. 

Ques.:—How would you put the fireboats to work if the high pres¬ 
sure gave out in Manhattan? 

I Ans. :—To begin with, I would average the number of gallons of 

water each boat would discharge against a pressure of 200 pounds to the 
square inch at about 5,000 gallons per minute, and if in charge of a fire 
where the high pressure pumps gave out and I found it necessary to 
put the fireboats to work, I would send out a special call by telegraph 
! for the fireboats, Engine Co. Nos. 85-86-87, to proceed to station 299; 
j and I would direct an officer to this point with all haste to direct the 
commanding officer of those boats to connect two S^-inch lines to each 
; boat, and stretch same across on West Street, and connect up to the high 
j pressure hydrants that are on the west side of the railroad track on 
I West Street, and start water into the high pressure hydrants. 

In connecting those lines it must be remembered that the boat hose 
is 3 y 2 inches, and the hydrant inlet is 2 inches; so it will be necessary 
to increase the hydrant inlet to 3i/ 2 inches by using an increaser and the 
use of a 314 -inch double swivel connection to connect hydrant outlet to 
the male end of 3%-inch hose. Those two tools can be procured from 
the boat. 

In starting the water into the high pressure mains, care must be exer¬ 
cised, for this reason : If all the hydrants were to be opened full and the 
boats were to start their pumps, the water would drive back to the boat 
pumps that were not started simultaneously and do great damage to the 
pumps. For this reason this method should be pursued: Keep all the 
hydrants, except the first hydrant, closed, and have the first boat start its 

49 



water into the high pressure mains first, and after this boat has started 
its water have the other boats make up the pressure in the line of hose 
between the boat pump and the high pressure hydrant; and when this is 
done open the high pressure hydrant and let the pressure flow into the 
mains. There is only one place for fireboat connection on the west track 
and the pier line running from Gansevoort to Chambers Street, and at 
the foot of James Slip, East River. 

Ques.: — (a) What determines the size of a tank for a sprinkler sys¬ 
tem? (b) What is the aver aye flow of water through a sprinkler head? 

Ans. :—(a) The capacity of the tank or the number of gallons of water 
necessary is determined by the floor area to be covered, which in turn 
determines the number of sprinkler heads on each floor. The product of 
the number of sprinkler outlets on a floor by the number of gallons of j 
water that will flow through a sprinkler head in a minute when the work¬ 
ing pressure is at a maximum, give the least amount of water that the 
tank may hold. Special conditions in each building will, of course, neces¬ 
sitate departure from this general rule. 

(b) The flow of water through a sprinkler head depends upon the 
pressure present. Under a pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch, the 
flow will be 20 gallons per minute. At a pressure of 25 pounds per square 
inch, the flow increases by 3 to 5 gallons per minute. When the water 
is flowing at a full pressure of 75 pounds to the square inch, from 55 to 
60 gallons of water will flow through a sprinkler head in one minute. 
These amounts have been determined by actual experiment and not by 
any set rule. 

Ques.: — (a) What size standpipe is required in a building in course 
of erection to be 85 feet in height; (b) for a building in course of erec¬ 
tion to be 150 feet in height; (c) for a building in course of erection to 
be 250 feet in height? 

Ans. :—(a) No standpipe is required for a building 85 feet in height. 

(b) A building less than 150 feet requires 4-incli standpipe. 

(c) Over 150 feet and under 250 feet, must have a 6-inch standpipe. 

(d) Over 250 feet, must have 8-inch standpipe. 

Ques.:—What is a Smith connection, and describe how it is made. 

Ans. :—A Smith connection is an invention used to make connection 
with intersecting lines of water mains without having to turn off the 
water, and can be used on the largest mains. It is made by placing the 
Smith sleeve around the outside of water main to be made, this sleeve 
to have an inside diameter % of an inch greater than outside diameter 
of pipe to be cut. 

The sleeve has an outlet on it, according to the size of the pipe to 
which connection is made. This outlet is adjusted to the proper posi¬ 
tion, then the point on sleeve is equalized all around, and lead wedges 

50 


placed so that it will not shift position. The snakes, or clips, are fas¬ 
tened around pipe to be cut on both sides- of sleeve, and a snake of lead 
placed close to main on inside of this outlet, after which the lead is 
poured into sleeve so that there is a solid joint all through the sleeve. 
The snakes are then removed and joint is caulked on both sides of sleeve 
and on the inside of outlet clear of pipe which is to be cut. Then a gate, 
called a Smith gate, is adjusted to sleeve (at point outside of where pipe 
is to be cut) by a flange joint. 

The gate is then opened, after which a mechanical contrivance called 
a Smith cutter is used, which is adjusted to gate by flange joints, which 
has a series of knives arranged in a complete circle the exact size of 
inside diameter of pipe to which connection is to be made. This cutter 
has a long shaft and two ratchets. 

On the other end of pipe a nearly solid iron cap is placed, which has 
a hole in center through which this shaft passes, this cap being adjusted 
to cutter with iron flanges. The cutter is then forced through gate up 
to main, with knives hard against main; then levers are put on two 
ratchets, and one man is placed on setscrew to regulate the cutting. The 
ratchets are manipulated until the knives have cut the piece of iron out 
the size wanted, when the shaft is withdrawn so that the knives can reach 
inside of iron cap above mentioned. After this the gate is closed. The 
cap and cutter are removed with practically no loss of water. The gate 
and the sleeve stay on main, after which all is ready to connect to this 
gate. 

The time consumed depends upon the thickness, hardness and size of 
piece to be cut; also under what conditions the men have for the free use 
of working ratchet on account of sub-surface structures in the street. 
Sometimes on account of these structures, it becomes obligatory to use 
the main shaft only for cutting; therefore, the time consumed is longer. 


SIAMESED LINES. 


A fairly common form of example in hose layouts is one involving 
siamesed lines, or a line made up of two different sizes of hose. These 
can be worked most easily by reducing the siamesed lines or the different 
sizes of hose all to an equivalent length of 214 -inch hose; that is, to a 
length of 234-inch hose which will give the same total friction loss as the 
siamesed line or the combined lines. To enable this to be done, certain 
factors have been determined, based upon the relative friction loss of 
the different sizes and combination of hose. These factors (f) are given 
below : 

Single Lines. 

234" 3" 31 / 2 " 4" 41 / 2 " 5" 

f=1.66 2.6 5.8 11.0 19.5 32.0 

Siamesed Lines of Equal Length. 

2 - 21 / 2 " 3 - 21 / 2 " 2-3" 3-3" 1-3", I- 21 / 2 " 

f=3.6 7.75 9.35 20.4 6.1 

Example indicating the use of factors: From a high pressure hydrant, 
one 400 -foot line of 2 y 2 -inch hose and one 400 -foot line of 3-inch hose 
are siamesed into a 600-foot line of 3-inch hose, which connects to a 400- 
foot line of 2 y 2 -inch hose having a ly^-inch tip; what pressure will he 
necessary at the hydrant to give 50 pounds nozzle pressure? 

The factor for siamesed lines of 3 inches and 2*4 inches is 6.1; then 
the length of 2 : (4-inch hose equivalent to the 400 feet of siamesed lines is 

400 

-, or 65 feet. 

6.1 

The factor for 3-inch hose is 2.6; then the length of 2i/ 2 -inch hose 

600 

equivalent to the 600 feet of 3-inch is-, or 230 feet. 

2.6 


Therefore, the total equivalent 214 -inch line is 65+230+400 feet, or 
695 feet, which can be assumed as 14 lengths. 

52 : 




, the constant (K) for l^-inch nozzle, as given in table of the 

National Board of Fire Underwriters, we solve the problem as follows: 

Engine Pressure=50 (1.1+.248X14) 

=50 (1.1+3.47) 

=50X4.57 
=228 pounds. 

For siamesed lines of hose of same diameter, blit of different length, 
the following rules may be used: 

Siamesed line, one twice as long as the other, equal one line one-third 
the length of the shortest. 

Example :—One line 300 feet and one line 600 feet siamesed are equal 
to one line 100 feet long. 

Siamesed lines, one three times as long as the other, equal one line 
0.4 the length of the shortest. 

Example :—One line 500 feet and one line 1,500 feet siamesed are 
equal to one line 0.4X500, or 200 feet long. 

For the problem involving a single line of hose branching into two 
lines, each with a separate nozzle, it is necessary to find the length of a 
single line having the same friction loss as the two parallel lines, and 
the size of a single nozzle equivalent to the two on the lines in question. 
Equivalent nozzle sizes may be computed from the nozzle areas, and the 
equivalent length of a single line may be found by the use of the factors 
given in the preceding problem. 

It is not always possible to find a nozzle size for use in the formula 
which is the exact equivalent of two or more smaller nozzles, but a close 
approximation can usually be made. 

For an example indicating the method of working out this problem, 
consider a single 500-foot line of 3-inch hose branching into two 300-foot 
lines of 2 1 / 2 -inch hose, each with a iy 8 -inch nozzle. Assume a pressure 
of 150 pounds at the engine, and determine the nozzle pressure. 

Two 1%-inch nozzles are approximately the equivalent of one 1%- 
inch nozzle. 

The factor of 3-inch hose is 2.6, and the length of 2%-inch hose equiva- 

500 

lent to 500 feet of 3-inch is -, or 192 feet. 

2.6 

The factor for two lines of 2%-inch hose is 3.6, and the length of a 

300 

single line of 2 1 / 2 -incli hose equivalent to two 300-foot lines is-,or 83 


feet. 


53 





This combination of hose and nozzle is, therefore, the equivalent to, 
that is, will deliver about the same amount of water as a 1%-inch nozzle 
on the end of a line of 214 -inch hose. 192+83 feet long equals 275 feet. 
Using the formula given previously, we have then: 

150 

Nozzle Pressure equals-(equals 31 pounds). 

1.1+5.5X0.68 

By using previous rules to determine the discharge at 31 pounds 
nozzle pressure through a 1%-inch nozzle, and to determine the friction 
loss in 500 feet of 3-inch hose and two 300-foot lines of 2%-inch hose, we 
find that the solution is not exactly correct, since the 31 pounds nozzle 
pressure in the problem above will actually require, allowing about 3 
pounds loss at the engine outlet and the same at the “Y” branch, only 
146 pounds engine pressure. The error in this case arises from the fact 
that the two 1%-inch nozzles are not quite the equivalent of one 1%-inch. 
The solution of the problem given above is, however, sufficiently close 
for all practical purposes. 

(From data compiled by Mr. George W. Booth, Chief Engineer, National Board of Fire 

Underwriters.) 


54 



FIRE STREAM TABLES. 


(From Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 

These tables are arranged to show the pressures required at the 
hydrant or fire engine, while stream is flowing, to maintain nozzle pres¬ 
sures given in the first columns, through various lengths of 2%, 3 and 
3%-incli rubber-lined hose in single lines and two lines of 2i^-inch hose 
siamesed. 

Nozzle pressures of 40 to GO pounds from 1 y 8 and 114 -inch nozzles, 
will give streams which may be classed as good and which can be handled 
without special appliances; for deluge sets, turret pipes, etc., with 1 y 2 - 
inch and larger nozzles, 60 to 90 pounds nozzle pressure is desirable for 
effective fire-fighting; the height, area and general character of the build¬ 
ing are factors in determining at what pressure a stream may be con¬ 
sidered good, as well as in determining whether a nozzle is of sufficient 
size to furnish an effective stream, nothing less than 1%-inch being con¬ 
sidered as effective for outside work, except for fires in small buildings 
Tn this connection it should be noted that a 1 or 1%-inch ring tip delivers 
a stream about y 8 inch smaller than the diameter of the tip. 

The pressure at the hydrant or fire engine is that indicated by a gage 
attached to the hydrant or fire engine while the stream is flowing. The 
pressure at the nozzle is that indicated by a Pitot gage held in the 
stream. 

The hydrant (or engine) pressures are obtained by adding to the 
nozzle pressure the friction loss in the hose, and also the small additional 
loss in the hydrant outlet or engine discharge. 

Friction losses in hose are based on tests of best quality rubber-lined 
fire hose and are for 100-foot lengths measured without pressure applied. 
Diameters of hose, as measured under 75 pounds pressure, assumed as 
the average working condition, were as follows: For nominal 2%-inch, 
2.575 or about 2 9-16 inches; for nominal 3-inch, 3.125 or 3% inches; for 
nominal 3%-inch, 3.685 or about 3 11-16 inches. 

The smoothness of the lining has a very considerable effect on the 
friction loss, some samples tested showing losses 50 per cent, in excess of 
those given. A slight variation in diameter also produces a marked dif¬ 
ference in friction loss; in the case of 2%-inch hose, a variation of 1-16 
inch in diameter will result in 10 per cent, difference in loss. If properly 
beveled 21 / 7 -inch couplings are used on 3 -inch hose, the loss of pressure 
due to them will be less than 5 per cent, of that gained by the use of 

55 


the larger hose. For instance, for a flow of 300 gallons per minute, the 
loss in 2 1 / £-inch hose will be about 21 pounds, in 3-inch hose with 3-inch 
couplings about 8 pounds, and in 3-inch with 2%-inch couplings about 
Sy 2 pounds. 

For siamesed lines, an allowance was made for the loss in the Siamese 
connection and for 20 feet of 3%-inch lead hose. 

The pressures given are for the nozzle at the same elevation as the 
hydrant or engine discharge outlet. Add or subtract 1 pound to the 
pressure given for each 2 1-3 feet difference in elevation. The arrange¬ 
ment of the table allows a comparison to be readily made of the results 
obtainable with 3-inch hose and siamesed lines against single lines of 
2%-inch hose. 


50 


TABLE OP NOZZLE FACTORS. 


(Prom “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 

For use in obtaining discharge from smooth nozzle larger than those 
given in tables on pages 58 and 59, when nozzle pressure is obtained with 
a Pitot gage. 

The discharge in gallons per minute is equal to the square root of 
the pressure multiplied by the factor. 


Diameter of the 
nozzle in inches. 
2 

2*4 

2y 2 

2% 

3 

3% 

3% 

3% 

4 

m 

4 % 

4% 

5 

6 


Factors. 


For Fresh Water. 
118.96 
150.56 
185.88 
224.91 
267.66 
314.13 
364.32 
418.23 
475.85 
537.19 
602.25 
671.02 
743.51 
1,070.64 


For Salt (sea) Water. 
117.45 
148.64 
183.50 
222.05 
264.25 
310.13 
359.68 
412.90 
469.79 
530.35 
594.58 
662.48 
734.03 
1,057.00 


For any size nozzles, the discharge, for fresh water, can be determined 
by the following formula: 

Gallons per minute=29.83 c d 2 Vp. 

Where d=diameter of nozzle in inches, measured to 1-1000 of an inch. 
p__pressure recorded on Pitot gage in pounds. 

c=a constant, varying from 0.990 for 1-inch nozzle to 0.997 for 6-inch 
nozzle. 

For ordinary use, the formula can be reduced to. 

Gallons per minute=29.7 d 2 Vp. 

57 



DISCHARGE TABLE FOR SMOOTH NOZZLES. 


NOZZLE PRESSURE MEASURED BY PITOT GAGE. 


Nozzle 
Pressure 
in lbs. per 
sq. inch. 

Nozzle Diam. in Inches. 

i i* i * m ivs 

Nozzle 
Pressure 
in lbs. per 
sq. inch. 

Nozzle Diam. in Inches. 

i m m m m 

Gallons per minute. 

Gallons per Minute. 

6 

66 

84 

103 

125 

149 

60 

229 

290 

357 

434 

517 

6 

72 

92 

113 

137 

163 

62 

233 

295 

363 

441 

525 

7 

78 

99 

122 

148 

176 

64 

237 

299 

369 

448 

533 

8 

84 

106 

131 

158 

188 

66 

240 

304 

375 

4.55 

542 

9 

89 

112 

139 

168 

200 

68 

244 

808 

381 

462 

550 

10 

93 

118 

146 

177 

211 

70 

247 

813 

386 

469 

558 

12 

102 

130 

160 

194 

231 

72 

251 

318 

891 

475 

566 

14 

110 

140 

173 

210 

249 

74 

254 

822 

397 

482 

574 

16 

118 

150 

185 

224 

267 

76 

258 

326 

402 

488 

582 

18 

125 

159 

196 

237 

283 

78 

261 

330 

407 

494 

589 

20 

182 

167 

206 

250 

298 

80 

264 

835 

413 

500 

596 

22 

139 

175 

216 

263 

313 

82 

268 

389 

418 

507 

604 

24 

145 

183 

226 

275 

327 

84 

271 

843 

423 

513 

611 

26 

151 

191 

235 

286 

840 

86 

274 

847 

428 

519 

618 

28 

157 

198 

244 

297 

353 

88 

277 

851 

433 

525 

626 

80 

162 

205 

253 

807 

865 

90 

280 

855 

438 

531 

633 

82 

167 

212 

261 

817 

877 

92 

283 

859 

443 

637 

640 

84 

172 

218 

269 

827 

889 

94 

286 

363 

447 

543 

647 

86 

177 

224 

277 

336 

400 

96 

289 

367 

452 

549 

654 

88 

182 

231 

285 

345 

411 

98 

292 

370 

456 

554 

660 

40 

187 

237 

292 

354 

422 

100 

295 

874 

461 

560 

667 

42 

192 

243 

299 

863 

432 

105 

803 

383 

473 

574 

683 

44 

196 

248 

806 

372 

442 

110 

310 

392 

484 

588 

699 

46 

200 

254 

813 

380 

452 

115 

317 

401 

495 

600 

715 

48 

205 

259 

320 

388 

462 

120 

324 

410 

505 

613 

730 

60 

209 

265 

826 

«396 

472 

125 

831 

418 

516 

626 

745 

62 

218 

270 

333 

404 

481 

130 

337 

427 

526 

638 

760 

64 

217 

275 

839 

412 

490 

435 

343 

435 

536 

650 

775 

66 

221 

280 

845 

419 

499 

140 

350 

443 

546 

662 

789 

68 

225 

285 

351 

426 

508 

145 

356 

450 

556 

674 

803 

60 

229 

290 

357 

434 

517 

150 

862 

458 

565 

686 

817 


Assumed coefficient of discharge per cent 

. = .99 

.99 

.99 

.9914 

■99* 


Note.— Coefficients of discharge are based on experiments by Mr. John R. Freeman. 
Transactions Am. Soc. C. E., Vols. XXI and XXIV. 


(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 

Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


58 






















(From 


DISCHARGE TABLE FOR SMOOTH NOZZLES. 


NOZZLE PRESSURE MEASURED BY PITOT GAGE. 


Nozzle 
’ressure 
lbs. per 
5Q. inch. 

Nozzle Diam. in Inches. 

m m i% 2 3V4 

Nozzle 
Pressure 
in lbs. per 
sq. inch. 

Nozzle Diam. in Inches. 

m m 2 2V4 

Gallons per Minute. 

Gallons per Minute. 

5 

175 

203 

234 

266 

337 

60 

607 

704 

810 

920 

1167 

6 

192 

223 

256 

292 

369 

62 

617 

716 

823 

936 

1137 

7 

207 

241 

277 

315 

399 

64 

627 

727 

836 

951 

1208 

$ 

222 

257 

296 

336 

427 

6G 

636 

738 

850 

965 

1224 

9 

235 

273 

314 

357 

452 

68 

646 

750 

862 

980 

1242 

10 

248 

288 

330 

376 

477 

70 

655 

761 

875 

994 

1260 

12 

271 

315 

362 

412 

522 

72 

665 

771 

887 

1008 

1278 

14 

293 

340 

891 

445 

564 

74 

674 

782 

900 

1023 

1296 

16 

313 

364 

418 

475 

603 

76 

683 

792 

911 

1036 

1313 

18 

332 

380 

444 

504 

640 

78 

692 

803 

924 

1050 

1830 

20 

350 

407 

468 

532 

674 

80 

700 

813 

985 

1068 

1347 

. 22 

367 

427 

490 

557 

707 

82 

709 

823 

946 

1076 

1364 

24 

884 

446 

512 

582 

739 

84 

718 

833 

959 

1089 

1380 

26 

400 

464 

533 

606 

769 

86 

726 

848 

970 

1102 

1396 

28 

415 

481 

554 

629 

799 

88 

735 

853 

981 

1115 

1412 

30 

429 

498 

572 

651 

826 

90 

743 

862 

992 

1128 

1429 

32 

443 

514 

591 

673 

854 

92 

751 

872 

1002 

1140 

1445 

34 

457 

580 

610 

693 

880 

94 

759 

881 

1012 

1152 

1460 

36 

470 

546 

627 

713 

905 

96 

767 

890 

1022 

1164 

1476 

38 

483 

561 

645 

733 

930 

98 

775 

900 

1032 

1176 

1491 

40 

496 

575 

661 

752 

954 

100 

783 

909 

1043 

1189 

1506 

42 

508 

589 

678 

7fl> 

978 

105 

603 

932 

1070 

1218 

1542 

44 

520 

603 

694 

788 

1000 

110 

822 

954 

1095 

1247 

1579 

46 

531 

617 

* 710 

806 

1021 

115 

840 

975 

1120 

1275 

1615 

48 

543 

630 

725 

824 

1043 

120 

858 

996 

1144 

1308 

1649 

50 

654 

643 

740 

841 

1065 

125 

876 

1016 

1168 

1329 

1683 

62 

565 

656 

754 

857 

10S7 

130 

693 

1036 

1191 

1356 

1717 

54 

576 

668 

769 

873 

1108 

135 

910 

1056 

1213 

1382 

1750 

66 

586 

680 

782 

889 

1129 

140 

927 

1076 

1235 

1407 

1780 

58 

596 

692 

798 

905 

1149 

145 

944 

1095 

1257 

1432 

1812 

60 

607 

704 

810 

920 

1168 

150 

960 

1114 

1279 

1456 

1843 


Assumed coefficient of discharge per cent. = .995 .995 996 .997 .997 


Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables," published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


59 































AUTOMOBILE AND GASOLENE-DRIVEN FIRE 
ENGINES. 

(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 

In so far as they apply, the same tests are desirable for automobile 
and other gasolene motor pumping engines as for steam fire engines, so 
that the same methods for measuring the water discharged, calibrating 
(testing) water gages, calculating the actual and normal displacement 
and slip of the pumps and averaging the net water pressure may be used. 
High pressure, valve and suction tests may also be made in much the 
same way as on steam fire engines. 

Owing to the characteristics of the internal combustion engine certain 
additional tests and modifications will be found advantageous. A capac¬ 
ity test should be run longer than is usually necessary with a steam 
engine. It is suggested that for acceptance, engines of this type be re¬ 
quired to deliver their full rated capacity of 120 pounds average net 
pressure for 2 hours, and 50 per cent, of their rated capacity at 200 
pounds net pressure for 1 hour. Tests should preferably be made when 
drafting with at least 10 feet of lift, especially if the engine may be 
required to take suction from a river, canal or cistern .when in service. 
The tables of “Hose and Nozzles for Testing Engines, Using Siamesed 
Lines” and of “Nozzles for Testing Engines, Using Single 50-foot Lines 
of Hose” (given elsewhere in this book), may be used to determine the 
lengths of hose and size of nozzle to be used, with an engine of a given 
or guaranteed capacity. If two streams are preferred for such tests, 
other tables of the Underwriters will be found convenient in laying out 
the length of hose and size of nozzles to be used. 

Additional tests with a line about 300 feet in length, with a shut-off 
nozzle, are desirable. The nozzle should be closed with the engine pump¬ 
ing at 120 pounds pressure and then at 200 pounds. The relief valve 
should be set to operate at about 10 pounds higher than the pressure to 
be carried, and when the nozzle is closed should permit the engine to run 
with an increase of not over 30 pounds pressure; the motor should not 
stall. The motor should start the pump readily with the hand relief valve 
open and discharge gates closed. 


GO 


A. L. A. M. Formula for Horse-Power of Gasolene Motors. 


Horse-Power 


BoreXBoreXNo. of Cylinders 


2.5 


Example:—Six-cylinder motor, 4%-inch bore. 


4 y 2 x 41/2X6 

H-P.=-== 48.6. 

2.5 


Reasonable Capacities of Modern Fire Engines. 


Bore of Pumps, 

Inches. 

Stroke, Inches. 

Capacity, 

Gallons per Minute. 

6 

9 

1,100 

5% 

8 or 9 

1,000 

5% 

8 

900 

51/4 

8 or 9 

850 

5 

8 

750 

43/ 4 

8 

700 

4y 2 

7 or 8 

600 

41/4 

7 or 8 

550 

4 

7 

500 


Rated Capacity of Silsby Engines. 



Nominal Displacement 


Maker’s 

per Revolution, 

Rated Capacity, 


Size. Gallons. Gallons per Minute. 

Extra First 1.261 1,000 


First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 


1.141 

900 

0.952 

700 

0.804 

600 

0.675 

500 

0.513 

400 


(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 

Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


61 
























ENGINE DISPLACEMENT TABLE 


DOUBLE PUMPS. 


Plunger Displacement. 
Gallons per Revolution. 


Bore 
of Pump 
Inches. 

Stroke in Inches. 

7 8 9 

3 1/2 

1.166 

1.333 

1.500 

3 5/8 

1.251 

1.430 

1.609 

3 3/4 

1.339 

1.530 

1.721 

3 7/8 

1.430 

1.634 

1.838 

4 

1.523 

1.740 

1.958 

4 1/8 

1.620 

1.851 

2.082 

4 1/4 

1.719 

1.965 

2.211 

4 3/8 

1.822 

2.083 

2.343 

4 1/2 

1.928 

2.203 

2.478 

4 5/8 

2.036 

2.327 

2.618 

4 3/4 

2.148 

2.455 

2.762 

4 7/8 

2.263 

2.586 

2.909 

5 

2.380 

2.720 

3.060 

5 1/8 

2.500 

2.858 

8.215 

5 1/4 

2.624 

2.999 

3.874 

5 3/8 

2.750 

3.143 

8.536 

6 1/2 

2.880 

8.291 

8.702 

6 5/8 

3.012 

8.442 

8.872 

5 3/4 

3.147 

8.597 

4.047 

5 7/8 

3.286 

8.755 

4.225 

6 

8.427 

3.917 

4.407 


Pump Rod Correction. 
Gallons per Revolution. 


Diameter 

of 

Pump Rods. 

Stroke in Inches. 

7 8 9 

1 " 

0.047 

0.054 

0.061 

1 1/16 

0.053 

0.061 

0.069 

1 1/8 

0.060 

0.069 

0.078 

1 3/16 

0.067 

0.077 

0.087 

1 1/4 

0.074 

0.085 

0.096 

1 6/16 

0.081 

0.093 

0.105 

1 3/8 

0.089 

0.102 

0.115 

1 7/16 

0.098 

0.112 

0.126 

1 1/2 

0.107 

0.122 

0.138 

1 9/16 

0.116 

0.133 

0.150 

1 5/8 

0.126 

0.143 

0.162 

1 11/16 

0.136 

0.155 

0.174 

1 3/4 

0.146 

0.167 

0.188 


Subtract pump rod correction from 
plunger displacement to obtain cor 
rect displacement of engine. 

For single-pump engines, use one- 
half of result obtained. 

For single-acting pumps, do not 
subtract pump rod correction. 


Example: Engine with 5^-inch pump, 9-inch stroke and 1^-inch pump 
rod. 

From Table abov^ 

Displacement of Plunger = 3.874 gallons. 

Correction for Rod =,p,138 gallons. 

Nominal Displacement = 3.236 gallons 


(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 

Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


G2 





















Below is given a table for use when engines are worked at draft, 
either in actual service or in testing. A study of it will show that where 
a high lift is necessary, small suctions will restrict the capacity of an 
engine; the table indicates clearly what sizes are necessary under differ¬ 
ent conditions. The figures are based on the ability of the pumps to main¬ 
tain a vacuum of 23 inches. 


TABLE SHOWING MAXIMUM LIFT, IN FEET, WHEN 
DRAFTING VARIOUS QUANTITIES OF WATER 
WITH A FIRE ENGINE IN GOOD CONDITION. 


Quantity of 
Water, 

Maximum Lift in Feet, Engine Drafting. 

Gallons per 
Minute. 

3“ Suction. 

3V' Suction. 

4” Suction. 

4$“ Suction. 

5” Suction. 

300 

l6 

| 20 

22| 

24 

24i 

c 

0 

400 

00 

17 

20 

22j 

24 

0 

g 

500 


12 h 

*-ici 

00 

»-» 

| 20| 

23 

"o 

(/> 

a 

600 


7 

15 

J 9i 

21 

. 700 


4 h 

II 

1 7 


jj 

ro 

800 




Hi 

19 

a 

900 



6 

Ilj 

17 

.2 

0 

0 

1,000 




8 

i4i 

U) 

* 4-1 

O 

1,100 




7i 

12 

m 

G 

<D 

1,200 




4 

9l 

I,3°° 





6* 

N 

1,300 

I 

length 

of sue 

t i 0 n. 

9l 


(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 
Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 
































TABLE OF HOSE AND NOZZLES FOR TESTING ENGINES, USING SlAMESED LINES. 

Note.— Connect Lines to a Deluge Set Provided with a Short Lead of 8)6- or 4-Inch Hose. Use Only 
8mooth-Bore Nozzle and of the Diameter Given. By Regulating One of the Discharge Gates. Pressure 
can be Kept Nearly Constant and from Three-quarters to Full Capacity Obtained 


Size. 

Bore 

of 

Pump. 

Reasonable 
Capacity, 
Gallons pei 
Minute.* 

Number and Length of Lines and Stze of Nozzle Needed to Deliver 
the Reasonable Capacity at the Desired Pressure at the Engine. 

100 Pounds. 

120 Pounds. 

140 Pounds 

160 Pounds. 

Double 

Extra 

First 

6” 

1,100 

2-50' lines of 3” 
or 

3-50' lines of 2)6" 
2'' Nozzle 

2-100' lines of 3" 
or 

3-100' lines of 2)6" 
2 Nozzle 

2-150' lines of 3" 
or 

3-150' lines of 2)6" 
2'' Nozzle 

2-200 lines of 3' 
or 

3-200' lines of 2)6" 
2' Nozzle 

Extra 

First 

594" 

1,000 

2-50’ lines of 2)6" 
2'' Nozzle 

1-100 line of 2)6" 
and 

1—50 line of 2)6 
2" Nozzle 

2-100' lines of 3" 
2" Nozzle 

2-150' lines of 2)6" 
2" Nozzle 

First 

5)6" 

•900 

2-50' lines of 2)6" 
1)6" or 2" Nozzle 

i-100'line of 2)6" 

and 

1-50' line of 2)6" 
1)6" Nozzle 

2-100' lines of 2)6" 
1)6" Nozzle 

2-150' lines of 2)6" 
1%" Nozzle 

Second 

5" 

750 | 

2-50' lines of 2)6" 
1%*' Nozzle 

2-100' lines of 2)6" 
194" Nozzle 

2-150' lines of 2)6" 
1?4" Nozzle 

2-250' lines of 2)6" 
194" Nozzle 

*94" 

700 -j 

2-50' lines of 2)6'' 
196" Nozzle 

2-100' lines of 2)6" 

196" Nozzle 

2-150 lines of 2)6" 

196" Nozzle 

2-250 lines of 2)6" 
196" Nozzle 

Third 

4 Vi" 
or 
4)4'' 

600 

or 

650 

1-100'line of 2)6" 
and 

1-150' line of 2)6" 
196" Nozzle 

1-100'line of 2)6“ 
and 

1-150' line of 2)6" 
1)6" Nozzle 

1-100' line of 2)6" 
and 

1-200' line of 2)6" 
1)6" Nozzle 

2-250' lines of 2)6" 
1)6" Nozzle 

Fourth 

4" 

600 

2-100'lines of 2)6" 
196" Nozzle 

2-200' lines of 2)6' 
196" Nozzle 

2-300 lines of 2)6" 
Nozzle 

1-100' line of 2)6" 

196" Nozzle t 

Fifth 

w 

400 

2-100'lines of 2)6" 
1)4" Nozzle 

1 - 100 ' line of 2)6" 
1)4" Nozzle % 

1-150' line of 2)6" 
1)4" Nozzle % 

1-200' line of 2)4" 
1)4" Nozzle t 


* Based on about 400' piston travel per minute. $ Single lines; deluge set omitted. 

Note. —If hose has not smoothest lining, shorter lines or a larger nozzle may be required; if hose 
is slightly larger than given on page 20, it may be necessary to use longer lines or a smaller nozzl-j. 


TABLE OP NOZZLES FOR TESTING ENGINES, USINO SINGLE 50-FOOT LINES OF HOSE. 

Note.— Connect Line to Nozzle; Bring Engine to Speed and Regulate Discharge Gate ; if Desired 
Pressure Cannot be Obtained, Use Nozzle )6" Smaller or Add Another Length of Hose. 


Size. 

Bore 

of 

Pump. 

1 

Reasonable 
Capacity, 
Gallons per 
Minute.* 

Size of Nozzle Needed to Deliver the Reasonable Capacity at the 
Desired Pressure at the Engine. 

100 Pounds. 

120 Pounds. 

140 Pounds. 

160 Pounds. 

First 

5 W 

900 

2)4" | 

Single 50-foot Line of 3" hose 

2 ) 4 " or 2 ' | £" j 1)6" or 194" 

Second 

6" 

494" 

750 

700 

2" 

1 W 

Single 50-foot 
1)6" 

194" 

Line of 2)6" hose 
1)6" 

194" 

1^6" 

196" 

Third 

4U" 

4)4" 

600 

550 

194" or 196" 
196' 

196" or 1)6" 
1)6" 

1)6" 

196" 

196" 

196" 

Fourth 

4" 

500 

1)6" 

196" 

196" 

1)4" 

Fifth 

396" 

400 

1)4" 

1)4" 

1)6" 

D6" 


♦ Based on about 400' piston travel per minute. 


(From “Fire Engine Tests and Fire Stream Tables,” published by permission of the National 

Board of Fire Underwriters.—Copyrighted.) 


64 




























































































MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 


Feet Head of Water and Equivalent Pressure. 


Feet 

Head 

Pounds 

Per Sq. In. 

•Feet 

Head 

Pounds 

Per Sq. In. 

Feet 

Head 

Pounds 

Per Sq. In. 

1 

.43 

60 

25.99 

200 

86.62 

2 

.87 

70 

30.32 

225 

97.45 

3 

1.30 

80 

34.65 

250 

108.27 

4 

1.73 

90 

38.98 

275 

119.10. 

5 

2.17 

100 

43.31 

300 

129.93 

6 

2.60 

110 

47.64 

325 

140.75 

7 

3.03 

120 

51.97 

350 

151.58 

8 

3.40 

130 

56.30 

400 

173.24 

9 

3.90 

140 

60.63 

500 

216.55 

10 

4.33 

150 

64.96 

600 

259.85 

20 

8.66 

160 

69.29 

700 

303.16 

30 

12.99 

170 

73.63 

800 

346.47 

40 

17.32 

180 

77.96 

900 

389.78 

50 

21.65 

190 

82.29 

1,000 

433.09 


Pressure and Equivalent Feet Head of Water. 


Pounds Feet Pounds Feet Pounds Feet 

PerSq. In. Head PerSq. In. Head Per Sq. In. Head 


1 

2.31 

40 

2 

4.62 

50 

3 

6.93 

60 

4 

9.24 

70 

5 

11.54 

80 * 

6 

13.85 

90 

rr 

7 

16.16 

100 

8 

18.47 

110 

9 

20.78 

120 

10 

23.09 

125 

15 

34.63 

130 

20 

46.18 

140 

25 

57.72 

150 

30 

69.27 

160 


92.36 

170 

392.52 

115.45 

180 

415.61 

138.54 

190 

438.90 

161.63 

200 

461.78 

184.72 

225 

519.51 

207.81 

250 

577.24 

230.90 

275 

643.03 

253.98 

300 

692.69 

277.07 

325 

750.41 

288.62 

350 

808.13 

300.16 

375 

865.89 

323.25 

400 

922.58 

346.34 

500 

1154.48 

369.43 

1,000 

2308. 


G5 



























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MENSURATION OF SURFACES AND VOLUMES. 

Area of triangle=baseX 1 /2 perpendicular height. 

Circumference of circle=diameter X 3.1416. 

Area of circle=square of diameterX-7854. 

Area of surface of cylinder^=circuinferenceX length+area of two 
ends. 

To find diameter of circle having given area: Divide the area by 
.7854, and extract the square root. 

To find the volume of a cylinder: Multiply the area of the section 
in square inches by the length of inches=the volume in cubic inches. 
Cubic inches divided by 1728=volumes in cubic feet. 

Surface of a sphere=square of diameterX3.1416. 

Solidity of a sphere=cube of diameterX .5236. 

Area of the base of a pyramid or cone, whether round, square or trian¬ 
gular multiplied by one-third of its heigh t=the solidity. 

Doubling the diameter of a hose increases its capacity four times. 

A “miner’s inch” of water approximately equals a supply of 12 U. S. 
gallons per minute. 


60 


FIRE DEPARTMENT MOTOR APPARATUS 

Description and Equipment of every type of Motor Apparatus in use in the New 
York Fire Department, with Official New York Fire Department Instruction on Oper¬ 
ation and Care; Questions and Answers on the Theory of Auto Engine Operation; 
New York Fire College Instruction; Defects and Cost of Maintenance of Motor 
Pumping Engines, etc. 

TYPES OF APPARATUS DESCRIBED 

Christie Tractor—Knox Gasolene-propelled Hose Wagon—Webb Gasolene-pro¬ 
pelled Trucks—Webb Electric Hook and Ladder Trucks—Waterous Gasolene-pro¬ 
pelled Wagon and Pump—Ahrens-Fox Combination Gasolene-propelled Apparatus— 
Cadillac Gasolene-propelled Emergency Wagon for Rescue Squads—Christensen Self- 
Starter—Nott Combination Hose Wagon and Pump—Mack Gasolene-propelled Hook 
and Ladder Trucks—Mack Combination Gasolene-propelled Chemical and Hose Wagon 
—Nott Gasolene-propelled Hose Wagon—Mack High Pressure and Regulation Gaso¬ 
lene-propelled Hose Wagon—Garford Gasolene-propelled Tractor—Crook Gasolene- 
propelled Fuel Wagon—Cross Gasolene-propelled Tractor. 

PRICE, ONE DOLLAR, POSTPAID. 


CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE 


23 Duane Street - 

TWO-PLATOON BRIEF 
FOR FIREMEN 


Firemen throughout the United States should 
obtain copies of the Chronicle’s great Two- 
Platoon Brief. It is the most exhaustive argu¬ 
ment ever presented on the subject of why 
Firemen should be emancipated from the slav¬ 
ery of 21 hours’ duty a day and be given a 
system of working in two shifts. 

It contains shocking figures of the mortality 
in the New York Fire Department, due to the 
Continuous Duty system, shows up completely 
the inefficiency of the Continuous Duty system, 
and answers every argument that can be 
brought against the Platoon system. 

It contains a Schedule by the Firemen’s Two- 
Platoon Committee of New York showing how 
the 5,000 men in the New York Fire Depart¬ 
ment could be placed on a Two-Platoon basis 
at little or no expense. 

This Brief has helped the Firemen in many 
cities to win their fight for Platoons. It is 
the only booklet on the subject, and was com¬ 
piled as the result of years of study. 

Price, 50 cents, postpaid. 

Special offer of 10 copies for $1 to Firemen 
who wish to use it for propaganda purposes. 

CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE 
23 Duane Street - - New York 


New York 


FIRE COLLEGE INSTRUC¬ 
TION 

“HANDBOOK OF INSTRUCTION FOR FIRE 
LIEUTENANTS AND FIRE CAPTAINS: AN 
AUTHORITATIVE CATECHISM APPROVED 
BY THE HIGHEST OFFICIALS OF THE FIRE 
DEPARTMENT.” 

Most of the material in this book was gotten 
up by Deputy Chiefs in the Department, and 
all its contents are authoritative. Is exclusive¬ 
ly composed of official instruction of the N. Y. 
Fire College. Much of the instruction is in the 
form of Questions and Answers. 

The Fire College Instruction contained in the 
book, “Fire Dept. Promotion Examination In¬ 
struction,” is not a duplication of the instruc¬ 
tion in this book, but is supplementary. 

CONTENTS. 

List of Tools on Various Apparatus of the 
Department; Care of Hose; Equipment; Aerial 
Ladders; Spring Water Towers, etc.; instruc¬ 
tion on Auxiliary Fire Appliances; Standpipes; 
Discipline; description of the various kinds of 
trucks, including the Seagrave and Diedrich, 
and how to operate them; Questions and An¬ 
swers on Administration and Fire Fighting, 
covering a wide and comprehensive chapter 
on how to fight fires in various kinds of estab¬ 
lishments; Oil Fires, Varnish Factory Fires 
Cold Storage Plant Fires; chapter on Care and 
Operation of Fire Alarm Telegraph; Fire Boats; 
Samples of all kinds of Reports used in the 
Department, including Unsafe Building Reports, 
Violation Reports, Meritorious Act Reports, Ac¬ 
cident Reports, Fire Reports, Hydrant Reports, 
Fire Alarm Box Reports, Forage Reports, 
Requisitions, Invoices, etc., etc.; chapter on 
First Aid to the Injured; synopsis of Require¬ 
ment in the Fire College for the various schools, 
etc. Another important feature of the book is 
that it contains all the previous examination 
questions asked for Assistant Foreman and 
Foreman since the Civil Service system has been 
m existence, prior to 1912. There is also a 
section treating of the hazards to be looked for 
in fighting fires in various kinds of establish¬ 
ments. 

Price, Postpaid, 75 cents. 

(Reduced from $1.50.) 

CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE 
23 Duane Street - - New York 











FIREMAN 

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMI¬ 
NATION INSTRUCTION 

Latest Book Containing 

500 QUES. AND ANS. 

On Duties, Rules, Fire-Fighting, etc., and 
Answers to Previous Examination 
Questions. 

GOVERNMENT 

The simplest, most comprehensive chap¬ 
ter on Government ever written, including 
City, State and Federal. 

ARITHMETIC—MEMORY TEST—RE¬ 
PORT WRITING—FIRST AID TO 
THE INJURED. 

REQUIREMENTS OF STUDENTS AT 
THE NEW YORK FIRE COLLEGE 

and in the School of Instruction for 
Recruits. 

APPLICATION FORMS, PHYSICAL 
AND MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS 
AND STRENGTH TESTS. 

100,000 Words of Instruction. 


Price $1.00, postpaid. 

CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE 
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22 5 Q. and A. for Fire 

Engineer; 50 Cents 

‘‘The Engineers’ Quiz Book,” by Capt. 
W. Benedict Watts, N. Y. F. D. Especially 
written for candidates taking the examina¬ 
tion for Engineer of Steamer. Contains 225 
practical Questions and Answers. Includes 
descriptions of the various engines in use 
in the Fire Department, the principal 
pumps, care of engines, various types of 
boilers, etc. Simple and comprehensive. 
Price, 50 cents; by mail, 55 cents.—CIVIL 
SERVICE CHRONICLE, 23 Duane Street, 
New York. 


STEAM 

APPARATUS 

IN USE IN THE 

N. Y. FIRE DEPARTMENT 
A Complete Description. 

CONTENTS. 

La France Boiler, Main La France Pump, 
La France Pump, Clapp and Jones Feed 
Pump, American Feed Pump, Amoskeag 
Feed Pump, Clapp and Jones Coil Boiler, 
Amoskeag Boiler, Amoskeag Pump, Amer¬ 
ican or Fox Boiler, American Feed Pump, 
Nott Boiler, Nott Main Pump, Clapp and 
Jones Main Pump, American Pump, Vari¬ 
able Exhausts, Stay Bolts and Rivets, Au¬ 
tomatic Relief Valves, Churn Valves, Rules 
for Finding Capacity Per Minute When 
Size of Pump is Known; Rule to Get Total 
Amount of Pressure Under the Seat of a 
Safety Valve; Rule for Finding Size of 
Safety Valve Required for a Boiler; Rule 
for Finding Horse-power of a Fire En¬ 
gine; Rule for Finding Area of a Safety 
Valve; Rule for Finding the Safe Working 
Pressure of a Boiler; Rule for Finding 
Diameter of a Boiler When Circumference 
is Known; Horse-power of an American 
First Size Boiler; Rule for Finding Aggre¬ 
gate Strain Caused by the Pressure of 
Steam on the Shell of Steam Boilers. 

PRICE, 75 CENTS, POSTPAID. 

BLUE PRINTS 

OF 

BOILERS, PUMFS AND 
VALVES 

There are seven blue prints, as follows: 
4 boilers, including pumps; 1 of slide valve, 
and 2 of feed pumps. 

The blue prints should be studied in con¬ 
nection with the book, although the book 
can be studied independently of the blue 
prints. 

PRICE, $1.25 (EXTRA). 

By Insured Mail, $1.35. 


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PUBLICATIONS OF CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE, 23 Duane St., N. Y 



ERVICE BOOKS 


FIRE DEPT. PROMOTION EXAMINATION 
INSTRUCTION. For all ranks and bureaus. 
Contains 750 Civil Service Ques. and Ans. and 
1000 Specimen Questions. 300,000 words of in¬ 
struction for Fire Engineer, Fire Lieutenant, 
Fire Captain, Battalion Chief, Deputy Chief, 
Chief, Fire Prevention Inspector, Fire Marshal 
and Asst. Fire Marshal, Fire Alarm Telegraph 
Bureau, Official Instruction of N. Y. Fire Col¬ 
lege and of the Boston Fire Dept., Reports, 
etc. Second, enlarged, edition. Cloth, $3.50; 
paper, $3.00. 

FIREMAN CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION 
INSTRUCTION. Contains 100,000 words of sim¬ 
ple instruction. Answers to all previous Exam¬ 
ination Questions—500 Questions and Answers, 
covering Fire Fighting and Duties—Rules of N. 
Y. Fire Dept.—City, State and Federal Govern¬ 
ment — Arithmetic — Memory Test — Reports — 
First Aid to Injured—Medical and Physical Re¬ 
quirements. Paper, $1. 

FIRE DEPT. HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS AND 
HOW TO WORK THEM. Simple Rules and 
Methods of Finding Square Root; Friction Loss 
in Fire Hose, Water Mains, Standpipes and 
Fittings; Nozzle Discharge; Engine and Nozzle 
Pressure; Water Tower Discharge; Height of 
Streams; Pump Slip and Pump Displacement; 
Pump Capacity; Horse-power of Fire Engines; 
Automatic Sprinkler Discharge; Fire Hydrant 
Discharge; Volume; Siamese Connections; Un¬ 
derwriters’ and Other Tables; Civil Service Ex¬ 
amination Problems, etc.; 21 full-page plates. 
Paper, $2. 


FIRE DEPT. MOTOR APPARATUS. Descrip¬ 
tion and Equipment of every type of Motor 
Apparatus in use in the New York Fire Dept., 
with Official N. Y. Fire Dept. Instruction on 
Operation and Care; Questions and Answers on 
the Theory of Auto Engine Operation; Defects 
and Cost of Maintenance of Motor Pumping 
Engines, etc. Paper, $1. 

HANDBOOK OF INSTRUCTION FOR FIRE 
LIEUTENANTS AND FIRE CAPTAINS. Exclu¬ 
sively composed of official instruction of the N. 
Y. Fire College. Much of the instruction is in the 
form of Questions and Answers. Paper, 75 cents. 

FIRE ENGINEERS’ QUIZZ BOOK. Contains 
225 Questions and Answers, and includes descrip¬ 
tions of engines in use in N. Y. Fire Dept. By 
Capt. W. Benedict Watts. Paper, 50 cents. 


STEAM APPARATUS IN USE IN THE N. Y. 
FIRE DEPT. A complete description. Paper, 75 
cents. Set of 7 Blue Prints, illustrating descrip¬ 
tive matter in the book, $1.25, extra. 


FIRE PREVENTION EXAMINATION IN¬ 
STRUCTION. 650 Ques. and Ans. for Civil Serv¬ 
ice Examinations for Fire Prevention Inspector, 
etc., with 200 Sections of New York Fire Pre¬ 
vention Laws, Regulations, etc. 90,000 words of 
instruction. Paper, $2. 


TWO PLATOON BRIEF FOR FIREMEN. It 

is the most exhaustive argument ever presented 
on the subject of why Firemen should be eman¬ 
cipated from the slavery of 21 hours’ duty a day 
and be given a system of working in two shifts. 
Paper, 50 cents. 

POLICE DEPT. PROMOTION EXAMINA¬ 
TION INSTRUCTION. Contains 175,000 words 

of instruction, 1,000 questions and answers (tak¬ 
ing in all past examinations up to date) for Ser¬ 
geant, Lieutenant, Captain and Inspector; 91 
Reports, N. Y. Police College Instruction. Cloth, 
$3; paper, $2.50. 

HOW TO GET ON THE POLICE FORCE. For 

candidates for Patrolman, Police Matron, and 
Policewoman. Contains 100,000 words of Simple 
Instruction, including: 725 Questions and An¬ 
swers, Arithmetic, Memory Test, official In¬ 
struction of the School of Recruits, Official Rules 
of N. Y. Police Dept., Answers to all previous 
New York Examination Questions, Reports, 
Definitions of Crime, City, State and Federal 
Government, First Aid to Injured, Requirements 
and Form of Application. Paper, $1. 

POLICE SERGEANTS’ CATECHISM. Con¬ 
tains Answers to Questions asked at 6 New York 
examinations. Paper, 25 cents. 

POLICE LIEUTENANTS’ AND CAPTAINS’ 

CATECHISM. Contains Answers to 8 sets of 
New York Examination Questions, including In¬ 
spector. Paper, 25 cents. 

THE POLICE PROMOTER. A simple digest of 
all New York laws and ordinances relating to 
Police duty. An invaluable pocket companion 
for all ranks. Cloth, $1.75; by mail, $1.85. 

POST OFFICE INSPECTOR: A COMPLETE 
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. Includes 8 sep¬ 
arate books covering Duties, Civics, Arithmetic, 
Geography, Spelling, Letter Writing, Penman¬ 
ship and General Instructions, and 400 Ques. and 
Ans. on Postal laws and regulations. Complete 
set, $3. 

POSTAL CLERK AND LETTER CARRIER 
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTION, INCLUDING 
P. O. INSPECTOR AND 4TH CLASS POST¬ 
MASTER and for MIDDLE GRADE CLERICAL 
EXAMINATIONS generally. Covers Copying 
from Plain Copy—Letter Writing— Arithmetic— 
Spelling—Penmanship — Punctuation — Reading 
Addresses—Answers to Past Examination Ques¬ 
tions—110 Questions and Answ-ers on Grammar 
—How to Fill Out an Application Blank. 60,000 
Words of Instruction. Paper, 75 cents. 

MIDDLE GRADE CLERICAL EXAMINA¬ 
TIONS SUPPLEMENT. Contains 500 specimen 

civil service examination questions for 2d Grade 
Clerk, 3d Grade Clerk, Junior Clerk, Temporary 
Clerk with Knowledge of Filing and Indexing, 
Clerk with Knowledge of Bookkeeping, Record 
Clerk, Office Assistant, Indexer, Cataloguer etc. 
Paper, 50 cents. 















FIRE PREVENTION 

EXAMINATION INSTRUCTION 

Iii this book, for the first time since the New York Fire Prevention 
Bureau was organized, is the whole subject of amendments, new laws, 
regulations, conflicting jurisdiction, etc., cleared up and brought to date. 

650 QUES, AND AMS, 

And 200 Sections of Laws, Ordinances and Regulations, 

90,000 Words of Simple Instruction 


By Samuel Rosenblum, B. S., C. E., 

Former Chief Examiner 9 Fire Prevention Bureau, New York City. 

PRICE, |2.00, POSTPAID. 

CONTENTS, 


Answers to Questions Asked at Past Ex¬ 
aminations for Fire Prevention Inspector 
and Chief Examiner of Fire Prevention, 

Ques. and Ans. on the Fire Prevention 
Law. 

Ques. and Ans. on Bureau of Fire Preven¬ 
tion Regulations. 

City Ordinances cn Fires and Fire Preven¬ 
tion. 

Rules for Fire Prevention in New York 
City Public Schools. 

Bureau of Fire Prevention Requirements 
for Motors and Motor Enclosures. 

Jurisdiction of the New York City Bureau 
of Fire Prevention and Its Relation to 
Other Departments and Bureaus. 

Cues, and Ans. on Causes of Fires. 

Ques. and Ans. on Interior Fire Alarm Sys¬ 
tems and Fire Drills. 

Ques. and Ans. on Standpipe (Fire-Line) 
Equipments. 

Ques. and Ans. on Sprinkler Systems. 

Ques. and Ans. on Miscellaneous Fire Ap¬ 
pliances. 


Ques. and Ans. on Combustibles and Ha* 
zardous Establishments. 

Ques. and Ans. 'on Tenement House and 
Labor Law Requirements, 

Ques, and Ans. cn Theatres and Other 
Places of Amusement, 

City Ordinances on Motion Picture Exhibi¬ 
tions. 

Fire Department Regulations for the Con¬ 
struction and Use of Portable Motion 
Picture Booths. 

Building Code Requirements for Motion 
Picture Theatres. 

Building Code Requirements for Fireproof 
Construction. 

Building Code Requirements for Altering, 
Changing or Demolishing Buildings. 

Present Building Code Requirements for 
Chimneys, Flues and Heating Appliances, 

Proposed Building Code Requirements for 
Chimneys, Flues and Heating Appliances. 

Ques. and Ans. on Building Code and 
Charter Requirements, 

Ques. and Ans. on Definitions of Building 
Terms. 


CIVIL SERVICE CHRONICLE 


26 Duane Street 


New York 





THE 


0 033 266 


CAPT. O’BRIEN SCHOOL 

CIVIL SERVICE AND 
ENGINEERING 

112 East 2Sr& Street - Manhattan 

137 Decatur Street - Brooklyn 

Tel. Gram. 81-82 Open 10 A. M.—10 P. M. 

. 

I ' • . . . : 

POLICE AND FIRE GYMNASIUM 

COMPLETE COURSES FOR ALL CITY, STATE AND 
FEDERAL EXAMINATIONS 

FIRE LIEUTENANT POLICE SERGEANT 

Our Instructors are able men, every one an expert in his particular 

branch, 

CAPT. D. F. O’BRIEN.Principal 

CHARLES BLUM, C. E. - - - - Chief Instructor 

DAY AND EVENING CLASSES 



















